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| c. 550 BC |
| | The murals of Etruscan tombs, such as the Tomb of the Lionesses in Tarquinia, give a lively glimpse of an earlier tradition in Greek art | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | An Etruscan dynasty rules in Rome and Etruscan influence is now dominant throughout central Italy | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The hoplite - a Greek citizen, heavily armed in bronze and leather - proves a formidable fighting man | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The phalanx, though not originally devised in Greece, is a devastating formation on the battlefield when composed of hoplites | |
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| 534 BC |
| | Thespis, traditionally considered the first actor, wins the drama competition in Athens | |
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| c. 530 BC |
| | The Greek colonists of Paestum, in southern Italy, build the first of their three superb temples | |
| | Paestum, Basilica Fotofile CG
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| c. 529 BC |
| | The Greek mathematician Pythagoras establishes himself, along with his followers, in southern Italy | |
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| 510 BC |
| | The Roman senate becomes an executive body with two of its members elected annually as consuls, or joint heads of state | |
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| 508 BC |
| | Cleisthenes, brought to power by popular support, puts into effect a major programme of political reform in Athens | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | The followers of Pythagoras discover the mathematical basis of the octave | |
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